Friday, June 30, 2006

What Are They Thinking?

The Supremes are on a roll! In an ideologically aligned decision yesterday, the court ruled (with Chief Justice Roberts on the sidelines) that the executive branch has exceeded its authority in seeking to try detained terrorists before military tribunals.

I’ve often bemoaned the increasingly small minority of major government functionaries with military experience, ex-Marine John Murtha not withstanding. While the volunteer force has become increasingly professional and technologically competent, the lack of integration with the totality of American society makes it more and more likely that pundits and politicos will spout drivel with regard to the military and no one will be there to challenge it.

All Supreme Court decisions have nuance and some even have understandability. Typically they will uphold someone’s deeply held convictions while over-ruling someone else’s. Beyond that there is always the underlying hope that common sense and an obligation to “do what is right” for the country will factor into the opinion. That’s why this business is so appalling.

Here are a few things that come to my formerly military mind as I listen to the dissection of the decision.

First, there is the issue of the Geneva Conventions. During my 23 years on active duty we had periodic training on the provisions of the conventions. There were some basics that we learned. The US is a signatory to them. Many nations are signatory. Some nations are not. Those who are not signers are not required to comply. (That seems pretty basic when written here, but apparently the Supremes didn’t notice.) Recognized nations can sign. Unrecognized transnational terrorist groups need not apply.

Second, to gain the protections of the Conventions, it is necessary to be a member of an organized military with a command structure, uniforms and prominently displayed rank insignia. You are required to carry identification which offers evidence beyond your visible military uniform and rank that you are a member of a complying government’s military. The military ID card serves that purpose and for many years a second “Geneva Convention Card” was also required. The internees at Guantanamo don’t fill that requirement. They don’t wear uniforms, they don’t have rank, they aren’t military and they don’t operate under the leadership of a national command structure. Rights to protections are forfeit.

Third, the Uniform Code of Military Justice applies to members of the US military. It is, by definition, extra-Constitutional. The protections afforded to our citizens by the Constitution are not extended to members of the military under the UCMJ. Strange, but true—those of us who sacrifice the most to defend the Constitution are not protected by it while doing that duty. The UCMJ does not apply to terrorist internees.

Fourth, Constitutional protections afforded citizens of the US are only extended in very limited fashion to non-citizens. The internees are neither citizens nor in the USA. While some protection is granted, it isn’t to the extent of that provided citizens.

Fifth, it would be patently ludicrous to bring these terrorists into a civil courtroom under the laws of the US. They do not deserve the forum for their hatred of America and they do not merit the consideration of our courts. They are trying to kill us.

What really escapes me in this whole business is how the American left is trying to spin this as some sort of “rule of law” issue and how they can possibly think that defending the bodyguard of Usama bin Laden over the interests of American security from terrorism can gain them votes in November. What are they thinking?

1 comment:

Anonymous said...

Yours is the most cogent analysis I have seen so far, Ed.

I have not read the judgement, and frankly, I am frightened to. I might find out something I did not want to know about the US Supreme Court.

Nor have I ground through the issues in low gear. So this is something of a ranging shot.

+ As you point out, the Hague/Geneva Conventions do not apply as they are are a contract between states (despite the efforts to bend the rails for Nuremberg ie make out that the Hague Convention was 'international' 'law' and not a contract between states).

The terrorists have not signed it. Could not be invited to sign it. And if they had signed it, they'd already violated it and therefore would not enjoy its protection.

+ UCMJ applies to military personnel of US Armed forces. No score there.

+ They are not citizens of the United States and do not enjoy the rights granted to citizens of the Unites States,

+ Now, we have a question of jurisdiction. If they are on US soil then they are subject to US law. They may have US law imposed upon them. The rights they would enjoy are whatever rights US law extends to aliens.

+ If they are on a US military base then they would be subject to US military control which would be exercised through the UCMJ. They are not in the US Military so they do not enjoy any rights granted to US military personnel by the UCMJ.


The question here is if they had entered a US embassy in a foreign country, what would their status be ? Embassies are regarded as the sovereign territory of the foreign power, by convention/custom.

However, this is 'directional', in that the host nation treats the territory of the embassy as that of the foreign country. The convention/custom defines how the host nation shall behave toward the territory of the embassy. This particular convention/custom does not impose (in the other direction) the jurisdiction of the foreign nation onto their own embassy.

So, as far as GITMO is concerned, Cuba shall regard the base as territory of a foreign nation (unless the base is leased and there are terms specified therein).

So much for Cuba. What about the base internally. UCMJ applies to military personnel wherever they are. So no question of location. But the terrorists are not military personnel. What is the status of non-military personnel - civilians - upon the military base ? Well for starters they will be subject to the control of the military via the UCMJ but will not enjoy any rights granted by it as they are not military personnel.

So, under the control of the US military they certainly will be.

Now, the USD64,000 question: Is there any other jurisdiction to consider on GITMO ? Cuban jurisdiction ? Already established that Cuban law does not apply to foreign territory, which GITMO would be considered to be.

US Law ? Well, US law applies to US territory. Is GITMO US territory ?

Just to de-Gauss our thinking on this. Outside of a jurisdiction, there is no law. Most places (these days) are in a jurisdiction of some kind. Once place is not: Antarctica. If you shoot someone on Antarctica, you've killed them. It's not murder, as murder is a classification of an action provided by a law, and laws apply within jurisdictions. Antarctica is not within a jurisdiction. Already been one case. They did not need to shoot him. They just locked him outside overnight.

So, if you can dig out a US statute which states that US law applies on US bases, then the civilians would be subject to US law as if they were aliens.

(Drafting such as statute is not as easy as it sounds. Consider a US statute which asserted that, say, US law applied to the Isle de la Cite in Paris (the island with Notre Dame upon it). Would it ? Let's say the Isle was taken by US paratroops. Would it now ?)


There is not reason why there should be a definite answer to this. There will not have been many instances where the need for legislation was evident, either in the case of embassies or US bases.

What if there is no statute? Once you are out 'in the world' , in Antarctica, then there is no law, only force. And the terrorists are under the control of US force, that much is sure.

Do they enjoy any rights (granted by a jurisdiction) ? Prima facie, it does not look like it from here.


Of course, I am outraged at US treatment of these individuals. All precedents in the laws and usages of war point to un-uniformed insurgents being shot on capture. And this is not what has happened. However, I feel I have it within me to forgive, as long as they are shot at the end of their detention.


- funkraum